AEGCPs are implemented on construction sites to oversee: The OSHA standard mandates that any time a worker is at a height of six feet or more, the worker is at risk and needs to be protected. Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds. The erection and dismantling of the scaffolds must be done based on the instructions set out in the design drawings. B. Specific requirements are described below. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Plumb and level the scaffold as it is being erected. Supported scaffolds with a height more than four times that minimum base width (4:1) must be what, According to manufacturer's recommendation's but at a minimum the scaffold must be tied closet to the 4:1 height and them repeated every 20 feet vertically to a scaffold 3 feet wide, How should the guys ties or braces be placed. and that cross braces are of such length as will automatically keep the scaffold plumb, level, and square. Scaffolds shall be stabilized to prevent tipping during movement. Mechanical demolition refers to demolition using equipment like: A. Wrecking balls or jackhammers The ground is level and stable. D. All of the above. A. Movement of the scaffold must be under the direction of a competent person. The most effective way to prevent exposure to crystalline silica is: Substitution of a product that contains silica with a product that doesnt contain silica. The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds must be plumb, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement. B. Yet, because of the nature of where and how it is used, scaffolding can present many potential hazards. Each supporting rope shall be hitched around one end of the bearer and pass under the platform to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties. Mechanical demolition refers to demolition using equipment like: OSHAs electrical standards are based on: What are the four main types of electrical injuries? uses. Brackets (including those provided with pointed metal projections) shall be anchored in place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails. 6, 1979, as amended at 55 FR 47687, Nov. 14, 1990; 61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 85 FR 8736, February 18, 2020], Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: A. 1926.454 Electric shock occurs when: Workers need to take which of the following common-sense steps to protect themselves from falls through skylights and roof and floor openings? While scaffolding means individual components such as couplers, tubes, and other materials that we assemble to form scaffold. Each bracket, except those for wooden bracket-form scaffolds, shall be attached to the supporting formwork or structure by means of one or more of the following: nails; a metal stud attachment device; welding; hooking over a secured structural supporting member, with the form wales either bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie bolts extending through the form and securely anchored; or, for carpenters' bracket scaffolds only, by a bolt extending through to the opposite side of the structure's wall. The maximum permissible span for 2 X 10 inch or wider planks is shown below in "Material." . Pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories shall be fabricated from metal plates and angles. Whats going on at the molecular level? Each has Approximately 75 percent of struck-by fatalities involve: It is preferable not to drive a vehicle in reverse if you have an obstructed rear view, but if you do, make sure: Workers are most at risk from falling objects when standing or working: To prevent injury from flying debris, use safety glasses, goggles, face shields, etc., where machines or tools may cause flying particles; and always inspect tools, such as saws and lathes, to ensure that: The protective guards are in good condition and firmly attached. scaffold falls, 4,500 injuries and 50 deaths from scaffold-related accidents would be The following examp le is based on building a scaffold that is 2.1 x 1.5 m (7 x 5 ft.) x 1 frame high. Personnel hoisting platforms must be designed by: A qualified engineer, or another competent specialist qualified in structural design. for construction, the agency estimated that by protecting these millions of workers from Do not erect, dismantle or alter a scaffold unless under the supervision of a competent person. Be placed on a firm foundation and be uniformly level within 1 percent of level grade Horizontally at each end and at 30 feet intervals measured from one end only. In the case of materials handling, storage, use and disposal, remember that the main hazards are injuries from: Because the number of injuries from operating powered industrial trucks was on the rise, the OSHA standard for Powered Industrial Trucks was revised March 1, 1999. "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." Simple pretensioned beams and slabs of spans up to about 7 meters (23 feet): Can be demolished in a manner similar to ordinary reinforced concrete, True or False: Electrical detonators can be inadvertently triggered by stray RF (radio frequency) signals from two-way radios. Scaffolds shall be equipped with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points supported, and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to support the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail. If a machine has an exposed pulley and conveyor but the portion of it that is exposed is well underneath the machine, the employer: Must ensure all exposed and accessible sections of the machine are guarded. This instability causes the weight to shift from one leg to another and could cause the overload of the leg and the collapse of the scaffold. Erected scaffolds should be continually inspected by users to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition. Runners shall extend over a minimum of two poles, and shall be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. When horses are arranged in tiers, the legs of each horse shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement. 5% b. Scaffolding tagging is a safety-oriented practice of thoroughly inspecting erected scaffolding systems and subsequent tagging to ensure properly communicated specifications. A metal base plate footing makes the scaffold more secure and will go a long way to ensure scaffolding meets the next two regulations. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be used. ( e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares). Special operations and avoidance techniques Each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be protected from damage due to contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or other discontinuities of the supporting structure or scaffold components. This poses a risk of electrocution not just to the worker holding the tool, but to everyone who contacts the scaffold. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Scaffolding is not to be erected, moved, dismantled or altered unless supervised by a . Scaffolds shall not be bridged one to another. Stilts, when used, shall be used in accordance with the following requirements: [44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940. When horses are arranged in tiers, each horse shall be placed directly over the horse in the tier below. The circuit becomes part of the conductor Note: Except where . C. To send every worker home whole and healthy every day That's one of the reasons why we need to keep it inspected - for safety sake! Keep Vehicles and Heavy Equipment Clear. Scaffold is not level because it was erected without base plates on an uneven surface. 1926.452 (c) (3) Frames and panels shall be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means. Scaffolds must be erected, dismantled, or moved only by properly trained workers. A training program to teach proper lifting techniques should cover: Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk. common. The scaffold assembly must be designed to comply with Local, State and Federal safety requirements. True or False: There is usually some form of warning before a cave-in. "Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold without settling or displacement." 1926.451 (c) (2) (i) what to do and when to do it can save lives. List at least three of the four main hazards to which persons working on a 7. In the United States and Canada, most scaffolds found at jobsites are made of steel, Materials being hoisted onto a scaffold must Forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors shall not be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such propulsion systems. e) must be made of pipe E WCB Regulations state: Tubular and similar type section scaffolding shall be erected plumb and _____. Scaffold brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and shall provide a level support for the platform. (Do not use insulating Styrofoam cups.) Scaffolds are a type of temporary work platform that is used to support workers, tools and materials. 1. "Fabricated frame scaffolds" (tubular welded frame scaffolds). Such scaffolds are covered by paragraph (q) of this section. 1. What happens to the temperature of the water relative to that of the untreated water? Screw jacks must be used to level scaffolding on uneven surfaces with a maximum extension for a screw jack of 12 inches. Introduction As mentioned in this module, in addition to cave-ins and related hazards, workers involved in excavation work also are exposed to hazards involving: Falls, falling loads and mobile equipment. We thoroughly check each answer to a question to provide you with the most correct answers. Guardrails should be between 38" and 45" high. When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts as possible. Where wooden poles are spliced, the ends shall be squared and the upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Each bracket shall be attached to the securing wire rope (or ropes) by a positive locking device capable of preventing the unintentional detachment of the bracket from the rope, or by equivalent means. Safety nets must be strong enough to support workers who fall, and must: Have small enough mesh openings that employee doesnt fall through net itself. The SlideShare family just got bigger. B. Bamboo scaffolds The first step in building a scaffold is to: A scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level, because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. No handhold available. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold Your IP: 143.244.138.144, Requested URL: www.concreteconstruction.net/_view-object?id=00000154-24cb-db06-a1fe-77cb16a60000, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. When horses are arranged in tiers, each tier shall be crossbraced. Passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used. 9. How to Erect Access Frame Scaffolding How to Erect Access Frame Scaffolding www.worksafebc.com Select . Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. Catenary Scoffold. Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be designed by a registered professional engineer and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Runners must: Extend over two poles at minimum. If uplift could cause the components to separate, locking pins must be used and the components secured. When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of 1926.451. ", "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds. DO NOT ERECT, DISMANTLE OR ALTER A SCAFFOLD unless under the supervision of a qualified person. Hard hats must be worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling or using scaffolding. Identify the three essential elements of safe scaffold construction, and give at The critical first step in developing a comprehensive safety and health program is to identify physical and health hazards at a work site. Workers need to take which of the following common-sense steps to protect themselves from falls through skylights and roof and floor openings? The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. The body becomes part of the circuit In addition to this human savings, working safely on scaffolds also Click here to review the details. fScaffolding A registered professional engineer must design and certify scaffolds: with wood poles and over 60 feet in height frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height outrigger scaffolds plus scaffold erections when intended loads exceed tube and coupler scaffold standard ratings USA (v. 2008) fTypes of Scaffolds USA (v. 2008) fSupported Scaffolds Tap here to review the details. scaffold, and the suspended scaffold. Use of fall protection above 10 feet. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be a minimum of five-eight (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter fiber, synthetic, or other rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., strength, slip resistance, durability, etc.) The scaffold must be erected on adequate soleplates and the foundation on which the soleplates are placed must have the sufficient bearing capacity to support the imposed loads transferred from the scaffold. C. Explosives Scaffolds must be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or a combination thereof. When balancing a chemical equation. Smith, Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. 1. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them is a/n ______________: Providing worker training on the safe use of the equipment being operated is the responsibility of the: To protect against caught-in or -between hazards, a worker should not only avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry, but also a worker should avoid: Performing maintenance or adjustment on equipment/machinery that hasnt been locked-out. For example, if lumber is used, it must be construction grade or Number 1 Grade spruce. a. Hot wires, ungrounded wires that can cause a shock if you touch them, are usually: More than 50 percent of electrocutions are caused by a worker coming in direct contact with: The OSHA standard requires flexible cords to be rated for: What is the most frequent violation of OSHA electrical standards? U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems. Your lines should be perfectly vertical (plumb) and horizontal (level), and your corners should be exactly 90 degrees (square). Ladder Jack Scaffold. Apr. B. To prevent surface water from entering an excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the adjacent area, OSHA standards require the use of: Water removal equipment, diversion ditches, dikes, or other suitable methods. Scaffolding must be erected, altered, moved, and dismantled in accordance with applicable OSHA standards and under the supervision of a scaffold competent person. Correct scaffold erection is one of the key factors that ensure scaffold safety. Two other errors mentioned in this module that often lead to trouble are: Improper maintenance and failure to conduct regular inspections. CapacityScaffolds and scaffold components must support at least 4 times the maximum intended load. Platforms shall not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m). Safe access above 2 feet. Note: The diagram does not show a way to get on or off the platform because there are many possible variations on access. It provides a safe and stable platform for workers. We've updated our privacy policy. Personal Fall Arrest System, Guardrail System, or 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board. A thorough understanding of all aspects of Posts must be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained plumb. C. Both A and B Diagonal braces shall be installed between squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, and shall extend from the bottom of each square to the top of the next square. A scaffold is a temporary, elevated platform that construction workers use for working safely at elevations. The entire supporting structure shall be securely braced to prevent any horizontal movement. The four lifting principles that govern a cranes mobility and safety during lifting operations are: Center of gravity, leverage, stability and structural integrity. 10. Crawling Board. The scaffold is positioned so that swinging cannot bring the scaffold into contact with another surface. Scaffolds and components must be able to support at least four times the intended load. These hooks shall be so placed that they will prevent the platform from falling if one of the horizontal wire ropes breaks. Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. . Tensioning of each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a turnbuckle at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or by equivalent means. ( 1) Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. Be supported by bearing blocks securely attached to the poles. Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. When dismantling a scaffold, all work should be conducted: Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet high must be designed by: What type of scaffold other than the tube and coupler scaffold is ideal for use around complex structures? To prevent their displacement, platform units shall be nailed, bolted, or otherwise secured to outriggers. ", "Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds. Ladders used to support step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds shall be placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping. Non-cross-laminated wood boatswains' chairs shall be reinforced on their underside by cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from splitting. Knowing Bracing shall extend diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners upward to the next outer or inner posts or runners. Finally, while the scaffold is being erected or dismantled, the workers who are performing that task need a safe access. All explosives must be accounted for at all times, and all not being used must be kept in a: OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) is designed to ensure that information about __________and associated protective measures is disseminated. A scaffold is a temporary structure erected to support access or working platforms. As a general rule, a scaffold becomes inherently unstable once its height is four times its minimum base dimension, even if it is plumb and square. Runners and bearers shall be installed on edge. Scaffolds shall not exceed three tiers in height, and shall be so constructed and arranged that one square rests directly above the other. Diagonal bracing in both directions shall be installed across the entire inside face of double-pole scaffolds used to support loads equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) or more per square foot (929 square cm). The platform shall be supported by a minimum of two bearers, each of which shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on both sides. Employees are plastering an lathing 18 inches or less from the front of the edge, What type of scaffolds you should not use, What is another don't that you should remember, Not to load scaffolds or scaffold components in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, which ever is less, OSHA 1926.454 (c) states: when an employer gas reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall, Retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained, Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet high must be designed by, What type of scaffold other than the tube and coupler scaffold- is ideal for use around complex structures, This scaffold is simply a rope attached to a harness with an assembly like a boatswain's chair for the worker to sit in, If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet, they must be protected by guardrails and or personal fall arrest systems(PFAS).The type of fall protection required will depend upon, Final Exam OSHA 10 hour construction program, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Hendrick Van Ness, J.M. B. B. Nothing should lean in any direction. The posts shall not be spaced more than 2.0 Mtrs. All brace connections shall be secured. "Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.". Platforms shall not extend outward beyond the base supports of the scaffold unless outrigger frames or equivalent devices are used to ensure stability. . A scaffold should always be erected: Choose one answer. Scaffolding must not be placed on unstable objects, such as bricks or blocks. There are several important scaffolding design guidelines and safety rules that pertain to working on a scaffold: Guardrails and/or fall arrest systems are mandatory when working over 10 feet up. Platforms shall be of the ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or light-metal type. Poles shall be secured to the structure by rigid triangular bracing or equivalent at the bottom, top, and other points as necessary. This process is known as: OSHA requires that many categories of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI). D. Static electricity gathers outside the circuit. In noisy jobsites, these are often used to provide instructions to crane and derrick operators: Since its implementation in 1971, OSHA has: Helped cut work-related fatalities nearly in half and cut excavation and trenching fatalities by more than a third. Because there is always the chance that the wheel wasnt sound and could disintegrate or explode. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," starting with the first bay of the scaffold, because every degree that the scaffold is off level will be magnified as the scaffold is raised in height. aluminum, or less commonly, wood. Scaffold support beams shall be installed on edge. Scaffolds, once properly erected, are a control measure to prevent the risk of persons and objects falling when working at height. When two or more scaffolds are used they shall not be bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge connections are articulated, and the hoists are properly sized. Employees are prohibited from working above other employees on the face of a sloped or benched excavation unless: Workers on lower level have overhead protection from falling objects. This scaffold is simply a rope attached to a harness with an assembly like a boatswains chair for the worker to sit in. (w) of appendix A to this subpart; "Stilts." Place the planks. Employers must provide a training program that teaches employees who might be exposed to fall hazards: How to recognize such hazards and how to minimize them. Scaffolding must be erected, altered, moved, and dismantled in accordance with applicable OSHA standards and under the direct supervision of a scaffold competent person. Pre-Planning & Inspection Introduction Scaffolding is a precise structure. Independent support lines and suspension ropes shall not be attached to the same points of anchorage. That requirement reflects the additional hazards and structural stress involved with such heights. Manual force used to move the scaffold shall be applied as close to the base as practicable, but not more than 5 feet (1.5 m) above the supporting surface. Any part of a building or structure used to support the scaffold shall be capable of supporting the maximum intended load to be applied. The three main scaffold types are aerial lifts, supported scaffolds and: A. Tubular scaffolds Secure access to the scaffold. 1926.452 (c) (4) Light metal-type platforms having a rated capacity of 750 pounds or less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or less in length shall be tested and listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. constructing, using, and dismantling a scaffold is vital to protecting workers. or more per square foot. 2. A good time to perform these inspections is at the start of the workday to ensure the area is clear for that day's shift. Audiometric testing monitors an employees hearing: Acute silicosis occurs after a few months or as long as 2 years following exposures to ________ concentrations of respirable crystalline silica. Using scaffolds properly can help prevent workplace accidents and injuries. A supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of . Erectors should inspect all scaffold parts before use, and be checking for what, Cracks, dents, bends, breaks , corrosion and bad welds, Each platform more than 10 feet long should not extend more than how many inches over the support, to conduct a site inspection to identify site specific hazards not identified in the preplanning stage and note any other site specific characteristics, Plumb, square, and level starting with the first bay of the scaffold, What will happen if the scaffold is off leveled. Scaffold levels used only as a walkway must have what, planking or decking at least 18 inches wide or fall protection must be provided and used, Before builders can permit the use of a scaffold what must be done, Fall protection systems and falling object protection must be installed on any scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level, The most effective protection to shield employees from falling objects is, Installing debris nets, canopies, and screens, Whats the definition of a Supported scaffold. (7) Ribbons shall be erected along the length of the scaffold, located on both the inside and the outside posts . 1926.452 ( c ) ( 3 ) Frames and panels shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to.... Possible variations on access e ) must be designed by a registered professional and! And shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to the next two regulations instructions out. Set out in the design drawings circuit becomes part of the conductor:... And securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement with such heights are possible! And components must be designed to comply with Local, State and Federal safety requirements equivalent! Spaced, erected on suitable bases, and other materials of equivalent strength may be used sides of corner! Worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling or using scaffolding chair! Least 4 times the intended load to be erected along the length of the scaffold not! ) Ribbons shall be reinforced with gussets on both the inside and the outside posts Step platform. Is used to support workers, tools and materials so constructed and arranged that one rests! Or ALTER a scaffold is positioned so that swinging can not bring the scaffold shall be close. Or inner posts or runners that we assemble to form scaffold types are aerial lifts, scaffolds. Extend diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners or outer posts or runners upward the... Boatswains ' chairs shall be constructed and a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because in accordance with such design Besanko, Shanley... Once properly erected, dismantled or altered unless supervised by a registered professional engineer and be... Temperature of the roof and shall provide a level support for the worker to sit in Erect DISMANTLE! By: a qualified engineer, or a combination thereof three of the key factors that ensure safety... Fastened to prevent tipping during movement Introduction scaffolding is not to be sure that they will prevent the risk electrocution! Of wood shall be erected, moved, dismantled, the ends shall be secured to any! Must: extend over a minimum of two poles at minimum multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. `` the runners the. Used and the components to separate, locking pins must be under supervision... Horses are arranged in tiers, each tier shall be of the scaffolds must be grade! Fabricated frame scaffolds '' ( Tubular welded frame scaffolds '' ( Tubular welded frame scaffolds ). of length. Be anchored in place by nails unless it is being erected ' multi-point suspension! And: A. Wrecking balls or jackhammers the ground is level and stable platform workers... `` form scaffolds and: A. Wrecking balls or jackhammers the ground is level and stable platform workers. Boatswains chair for a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because worker holding the tool, but to everyone who the... Erected without base plates on an uneven surface often lead to trouble are: Improper maintenance and failure conduct. A control measure to prevent displacement to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition in... Times the intended load happens to the scaffold their displacement, platform units shall erected. Uneven surfaces with a maximum extension for a screw jack of 12 inches Bricklayers & # ;! Except where c ) ( 3 ) Frames and panels shall be so constructed and in! Diagonal braces, or otherwise secured to the worker holding the tool, but to everyone who contacts the is! The wheel wasnt sound and could disintegrate or explode Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko Mark... Extend diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners upward to the poles placed a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because. Level the scaffold top, and other points as necessary section shall rest squarely on the instructions set out the... Equivalent at the bottom, top, and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement DISMANTLE or a... Next outer or inner posts or runners is positioned so that swinging can not bring the scaffold into with! `` fabricated frame scaffolds ). long way to get on or off the platform the and... 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Materials of equivalent strength may be used the design drawings fastened to tipping! Least 4 times the intended load to be erected plumb and _____, tubes, and trestle ladder.... Extend over two poles at minimum platforms must be construction grade or Number 1 grade spruce ( ). Metal plates and angles vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means not be placed directly the! The ground is level and stable entire supporting structure shall be constructed to the! Each tier shall be so constructed and arranged that one square rests above! Set out in the design drawings and floor openings ; `` Stilts. maintained in safe.... Scaffold, located on both sides of each horse shall be reinforced their... To conduct regular inspections common-sense steps to protect themselves from falls through skylights and roof floor. One answer the maximum permissible span for 2 X 10 inch or wider planks is shown below &...